實(shí)現(xiàn)托福閱讀的連貫性閱讀的方法
如何實(shí)現(xiàn)托福閱讀的連貫性閱讀？
大家是否還記得，在托福滿分作文的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中有這么一條：
Displays unity, progression, and coherence. ( 體現(xiàn)出統(tǒng)一、遞進(jìn)、連貫的特點(diǎn)。)
這條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求我們?cè)趯懽鲿r(shí)要注意文章的連貫性。首先，何為連貫性？ 連貫性就是要求句子與句子之間，或是段落與段落之間需以一種清晰的、合乎邏輯的方式進(jìn)行展開，做到思路清晰，層次分明。這樣寫文章的好處就是能夠讓一個(gè)讀者順著作者的思路一口氣把文章讀完，并且同時(shí)掌握文章的主要信息。托福的`每一篇閱讀文章都可以算是一篇滿分作文，所以它必定體現(xiàn)出了統(tǒng)一、遞進(jìn)和連貫的特點(diǎn)。所以當(dāng)我們?cè)陂喿x托福文章時(shí)，就應(yīng)該做到閱讀的連貫性，否則就有可能面臨由于前后缺乏聯(lián)系，最終導(dǎo)致只抓到了局部信息而缺乏整體信息的情況。那么當(dāng)我們?cè)陂喿x時(shí)，如何做到連貫性的閱讀呢？
連貫性通常通過兩種方式體現(xiàn)出來：語義重復(fù)和邏輯連接。語義重復(fù)就是兩個(gè)句子會(huì)存在某個(gè)概念的延續(xù)，通過對(duì)這個(gè)概念的重復(fù)把信息延續(xù)下去。語義重復(fù)會(huì)有多種形式，比如重復(fù)某個(gè)詞，也可以出現(xiàn)某個(gè)詞的近義詞或反義詞。如下面兩句話：In Southwest France in the 1940’s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). 這兩句話就是通過animals和beasts的同義替換把信息延續(xù)下去。語義重復(fù)還可以通過對(duì)某部分內(nèi)容的概括或是對(duì)某部分內(nèi)容的具體展開來實(shí)現(xiàn)。如下面兩句：The animals are bulls, wild horses, reindeer, bison, and mammoths outlined with charcoal and painted mostly in reds, yellow, and brown. Scientific analysis reveals that the colors were derived from ocher and other iron oxides ground into a fine powder. 這兩句話就是通過對(duì)red, yellow, and brown的概括，即the colors實(shí)現(xiàn)了連貫性。當(dāng)然，語義重復(fù)最常用的手段還是通過代詞的靈活運(yùn)用。如以下兩句：But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material； this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.
邏輯連接就是通過特定的邏輯關(guān)系詞體現(xiàn)出兩句話或是多句話之間的關(guān)系。常見的如因果關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、條件關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系等。這些過渡詞的使用能夠使文章更加清晰、流暢。所以當(dāng)我在遇到此類邏輯關(guān)系詞時(shí)，要順著這些邏輯關(guān)系詞表達(dá)的邏輯關(guān)系去閱讀文章。
我們以TPO1 GROUNDWATER的第二段做一個(gè)綜合展示，下劃線代表的是信息延續(xù)點(diǎn)。
The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces(原詞重現(xiàn)) are those among the particles(對(duì)forms具體展開)—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material(代詞), out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They(代詞) are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example(邏輯關(guān)系), as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them.The water(原詞重現(xiàn)) was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand(對(duì)loads of coarse sediment, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.
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